Deformation State Analysis and Design Method of Bottom-Confined Gravity Retaining Walls

The deformation failure modes of gravity retaining walls include overturning, toppling, deep sliding, and eccentric failure. complex mode, which involves the multi-stage walls, suffers from a lack mechanical models design theories. Based on basic theory reinforced concrete construction, this study established calculation model bottom-confined (RC-GRWs), are composed tensile, compressive, rigid zones. Then, defined RC-GRWs’ normal-operation, cracking, yield, ultimate limit states, as well displacement RC-GRWs in these according to cracking steel reinforcement yield conditions. Accordingly, proposed method process determine RC-GRWs. A project case shows that for RC-GRW can effectively assess state in-service optimized cracked meet deformation-based requirements.